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MODX uses a number of concepts for its core and manager.

Server-side you'll find Controllers that fetch data and registers assets for (pre-)rendering a page and loading (Smarty) templates to output. Most templates are very bare-bones, with the actual rendering of the interface done server-side by ExtJS.

Controllers are identified by the combination of the namespace and action, passed in as URL parameters in the manager. When no namespace is specified, the core namespace is assumed. The action is specified in the a URL paramter.

From the client-side, AJAX requests are send to one of a few Connectors, typically /connectors/index.php. Based on the action in that request, the appropriate Processor is loaded that does the actual loading/manipulating of data.

Core controllers and templates are found in /manager/, while third party components have them in their own namespace directory in core/components/.